When you think of arctic and subarctic regions, may be associated with cold weather.
Do these areas for a long time, the weather is very cold.
But in terms of temperature, and these areas are more clear definition is:
The arctic, the warmer months of the year, the average temperature is less than 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 ℃).
Subarctic – the most warm four months of the year average temperature does not exceed 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 ℃).
In temperate mountain and plateau regions have very cold weather, cold weather survival information below also apply to these areas.
The cold environment
Cold climate is a very strong forces of nature, even if you realize that it’s dangerous and can use some of its specific characteristics, it may be a terrible rival.
To ignore or underestimate this force can lead to death.
In cold region, the cold wind cooling can increase the danger, this is the air flow on the exposed human skin caused by results.
Wind speed was 15 knots wind, for example, the temperature is 15 degrees Fahrenheit (9 ℃) caused by the cold temperature, its effect and minus 10 degrees Fahrenheit (- 23 ℃) without wind effect caused by air temperature.
You will find that the greater the wind speed, the lower the freezing temperature.
In a cold environment, weather and temperature changes very quickly.
These changes will affect your speed, greater difficulties.
For example, rain, snow or a rise in temperature may make you unable to move on, or it is easy to climb a few days ago also terrain becomes very dangerous.
In cold region needs for basic life – food, water, avoid body – is much more difficult than in a warm environment.
Even if you already have the basic necessities, you must also have enough clothes to keep warm, and the will to survive.
Like any other environment, in a cold environment, the first thing you need to consider is to process, heal you, and the wounds of the companion or disease.
Health hazard
Health, the center of the internal body temperature (body temperature) at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 ℃), because there is no trunk limbs and head so many organization protection, will be slightly different, so their temperature may reach 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
The human body has a control system, automatically, adjust reaction, keep body temperature balance.
There are three main factors affecting temperature balance: to generate heat, heat loss and evaporation.
Is the speed of the heat produced by the body temperature and environmental temperature difference between the decision.
But than the heat of the human body is easier to send out quantity of heat, sweat can help maintain body temperature balance.
Sweat can send out quantity of heat of speed and strength to generate heat as fast.
Shaking can make the body produces heat, it will also lead to fatigue, while the latter, in turn, led to the decrease of the temperature.
The body heat lost air around the body of the games.
By the calculation, a person naked to stand in the absence of the cold wind cold environment, as long as he can do his best to shiver, he will be able to keep the temperature in the blood around the freezing point, thereby
Make oneself not frozen.
But one can’t shake forever.
Is also calculated, a person in a cold environment to rest, as long as you will be able to wear warm clothes to wear, also can keep the body temperature above the freezing point.
But if I don’t want to continue to be cold, so he must be activities or trembling.
The following are some of the injuries may occur in the cold environment:
Hypothermia.
Human body temperature down to about 95 ~ 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 ~ 25 ℃) can cause hypothermia, or when the temperature dropped to freezing point, can also cause hypothermia.
In order to prevent hypothermia, should try to avoid heat can cause the human body
Loss of activity.
Of the symptoms of hypothermia slow, declining physical coordination, judgment, etc.
If the patient’s temperature fell to below 77 degrees Fahrenheit (25 ℃), death is almost inevitable.
To treat hypothermia, will make the patient’s body to warm up.
If possible, the patient should be the trunk part of the body in 100 ~ 110 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 ℃ to 43.3 ℃) in the warm water.
Warning: the whole body into the warm water makes the body temperature of patients recovered only in the hospital, because is likely to lead to cardiac arrest patients or shock.
The quickest way to make the recovery of the patient’s temperature is warm water enema method, directly to the warm water into the patient.
Another method is to patients with another warm wrapped in a warm sleeping bag, two people have to be naked.
If the patient is conscious, give him drink hot sugar water.
Honey is one of the best sources of calories or glucose, if there is no honey and glucose, with sugar, cocoa powder, or similar soluble sweetener.
Warning: do not make numb patient drink.
Therapeutic hypothermia, there are two dangerous: temperature picks up too fast and the temperature will fall.
Temperature picks up too fast will make patient blood circulation problems, eventually leading to heart failure.
Temperature drop, is the point at which the patient out of the warm water temperature decreased sharply, after this kind of situation is due to the recovery of the patient’s temperature, blood began to circulate afresh, limbs stagnant blood back to the trunk part inside, leading to body temperature to drop.
Warm body torso part, not stimulate the peripheral blood circulation can reduce the influence of the temperature drop.
If possible, the patient’s body parts should be put into hot water, this is the best treatment.
Frostbite.
Frostbite is damage that caused by tissue freezing.
Mild frostbite relate only to the skin, damaged skin dark, a little white.
Depth of frostbite will extend to tissue under the skin, organization and harden, rigor mortis.
Feet, hands and face exposed particularly prone to frostbite.
If you and others together, the best way to prevent frostbite is help each other.
Regularly check the companion’s face, also want to let partner often check your face.
If you are alone, should cover your nose with a gloved hand from time to time and the lower part of the face.
If the hands and feet lose consciousness, show that you have been suffering from frostbite.
If losing consciousness is not long, frostbite can be mild, otherwise, to assume that frostbite is deep frostbite.
When handling frostbite should take measures and measures.
Frostbite after thawing and refreezing can lead to more serious damage, no special medical training experienced people can’t handle.
Trench foot disease and foot disease.
Under this kind of disease is due to the freezing point temperature, long time – for hours, even days – exposed to damp environment.
The disease occurs, the foot becomes cold, swelling, and waxy appearance.
Trouble walking and your feet feel heavy and numbness.
Nerve and muscle is the main damage, but also may be gangrene, serious when, muscle necrosis, finally may have to remove the feet or legs.
The best way to prevent the disease is to keep your feet dry.
Bring a spare socks, with a waterproof bag
Packing is good.
Slowly after dry wet socks can be placed.
Wash feet every day, and changing into dry socks.
Dehydration.
In cold weather, wrapped in thick clothes, you may not realize you were losing water in the body, because
Heavy layer of clothing for you to absorb the moisture, the moisture to evaporate finally into the air.
You must drink added loss of moisture.
In cold weather, the demand for water with you in the warm climate is the same (see chapter 3).
Check whether your dehydrated one approach is to check the color of the urine in the snow.
If the urine that snow is deep yellow, that you have already begun to dehydration, need to replenish the moisture.
If the snow is light yellow or colorless,
So the normal balance of the water in your body.
Polyuria in low temperature.
Exposure to the cold weather, the urine will increase, this will also reduce your body moisture, must keep hydrated.
The sun burns.
Exposed skin even if air temperature is below freezing point may also be the sun sunburn.
Sunlight in the snow, ice and water, the light will reflect from different angles the sensitive skin, lips, nose, and eyes.
Exposure to the sun the same time, high latitudes than low latitudes are more likely to cause sunburn.
When you are
Exposure to the sun, use sunscreen or daub lipstick on your face.
Snow blindness.
This is because the bright sunlight on snow and ice to produce ultraviolet (uv) radiation cause of eye disease.
Of the symptoms of snow blindness eyes have sand, eyes feel pain, so that the eye movement intensified, tears, red eyes, headache, etc., these symptoms increased with continued exposure to sunlight.
Prolonged exposure to the light can cause permanent eye damage.
Treatment of snow blindness, wrapped in gauze to his eyes, until
The symptoms disappear.
You can also wear sunglasses to prevent snow blindness, without sunglasses, can do a temporary: in cardboard, wood, bark, or other available material, cut two cracks).
The next eyelid with the illuminate of coal ash can also help reduce glare.
Constipation.
Because of the cold delay purge, dehydration to eat too much food, water, irregular eating habits, etc., can cause constipation.
Although constipation will not affect your normal function, but it will make you uncomfortable.
Increase water intake, a day to drink at least 2 quarts of water.
If possible, eat more fruit and other foods help purge.
